Switched mode power supply

ABSTRACT

A power supply has over power protection based on the same signal as used by the feedback path for controlling the switching of the power supply. This means that no additional signal needs to be supplied to the control circuit to implement mains over protection.

This invention relates to a switched mode power supply, and whichenables compensation for the maximum output power variation caused bythe mains input voltage.

Mains devices typically use switched mode power supplies to generate therequired internal device voltages from the mains supply.

In mains connected flyback switched mode power supplies (SMPS), theoutput power is typically dependent on the mains input voltage.Typically the maximum output power increases with an increasing mainsvoltage. The output power increase can be caused by the mode ofoperation, e.g. quasi resonant operation, or by delays in the currentdetection circuits.

FIG. 1 shows a typical flyback SMPS.

The rectified mains 2 is supplied to the primary side of a transformerT1. The circuit is for example designed to accept voltages in the range85 to 276V to enable use in different geographical areas. The dioderectifier D1 and capacitor provide a DC output.

The output voltage Vout is controlled by controlling the current in theprimary circuit using the controllable switch S1. The current ismeasured as the voltage Visense across a sense resistor Rsense. The PWMcircuit 10 adjusts the conduction time of the switch S1 to obtain adesired current value.

The PWM circuit 10 is an integrated circuit which comprises anoscillator 12 which provides the set signal to a set-reset latch 14, theoutput of which drives the switch S1 through a driver 15. The switch S1is turned off when a peak current is detected. This peak current resultsin a voltage Visense which causes the output of a comparator 16 toswitch output. The reference voltage provided to the comparator 16 isderived from a control unit 18 and comprises a voltage Vipk whichrepresents the voltage to which the resistor Rsense is raised beforeswitching needs to occur. Thus Vipk is the voltage across Rsense whichcorresponds to the desired peak current flow in the primary winding forthe desired normal regulation current level.

The value of Vipk is derived from the feedback/control voltage, Vfb,which can be obtained from an error amplifier at the output.

A delay element 19 is used to delay an inverted version of the controlsignal to the switch S1 in order to generate a blanking signal “blank”.This is used to blank the spike on Visense when switch S1 is switchedon. As shown in FIG. 1, the blanking signal is used to disable thecomparator, so that the comparator generates a low (i.e. no) output whenthe blank signal is high.

A quasi resonant flyback SMPS has a higher switching frequency at highmains compared to low mains. The time required to build up currentthrough the transformer, T1, at high mains is smaller becausedlpk/dt=Vmains/Lp in which Vmains is the rectified mains voltage, Lp isthe primary self inductance of transformer T1 and dlpk/dt is the currentbuild up through the transformer.

The output power is equal to Pout=1/2*Lp*Ipk²*Fsw, in which Ipk is thepeak current through the transformer and Fsw is the switching frequency.

In FIG. 2 the transformer current, I_(T1) and the output diode current,I_(D1), are shown at high mains and at low mains.

The transistor current ramps up when the switch is closed. When theswitch S1 is opened, no current flows in the primary winding, and theenergy is transferred as a current through the diode D1. The peak ofI_(T1) is equal to the peak of I_(D1), times the turn ratio of thetransformer Ns/Np, in which Np is the number of primary side turns andNs is the number of secondary side turns.

In a fixed frequency flyback SMPS, operating in discontinuous conductionmode, the output power is also Pout=1/2*Lp*Ipk²*Fsw.

Although Fsw is fixed and constant, the value of Ipk will typically behigher at high mains input voltages.

The comparator and also the driver circuit will have some delay. As thepeak current increase at high mains is faster than at low mains,dlpk/dt=Vmains/Lp, the delay will cause a higher peak current level athigh mains compared to low mains.

This is shown in FIG. 3, which shows the ramping of voltage Visense intime with the ramp of I_(T1) When the voltage Vipk is reached, there isa constant delay “comparator delay” before the switch turns off andbrings the current I_(T1) back to zero and accordingly Visense back tozero.

For thermal and safety reasons, it desired in many applications that themaximum output power is the same at high mains and low mains voltages.

To compensate for the output power variations, the mains input voltagecan be measured and a compensating signal can be introduced. WO02/231953discloses a switched mode power supply in which the mains input voltage(line voltage) is measured using a third transformer winding.

The need to monitor the mains voltage level requires an extra signal tobe processed by the controller, and this adds to the circuit complexityand the number of signal connections to be made.

According to the invention, there is provided a switched mode powersupply comprising:

an input for connection to a rectified mains supply,

a transformer having a primary winding on the mains side and a secondarywinding on the dc output side;

a switching element for controlling the current flow in the primarywinding of the transformer;

a sense resistor in series with the switching element;

a feedback control system for controlling the switching element independence on a sense voltage which is dependent on the sense resistor,

wherein the feedback control system is part of an integrated circuit,and the transformer is outside the integrated circuit,

wherein the integrated circuit further comprises a detection arrangement(40) for converting a rate of change of the sense voltage into a voltagelevel, and thereby derive a voltage signal (Vipk_max) representing themains voltage.

The invention provides a new way of deriving the mains voltage levelbased on the rate of change of a sense voltage, which is already used aspart of the feedback control system. This means that additional signalsdo not need to be used.

In one arrangement, the switching element and the sense resistor areoutside the integrated circuit and the sense voltage is provided to asense pin of the integrated circuit.

This arrangement re-uses the pin that is used for current sensing toderive a signal giving an indication of the main supply voltage. Inprevious integrated circuits, measuring the mains voltage typicallyrequires an input pin for receiving the signal representing the mainsvoltage. For integrated circuits this may become an issue if the numberof pins is limited.

The invention can be used to provide a constant power for differentmains voltage levels. A detection arrangement is used for detecting themains level based on the signal on the pin used to measure the voltagechange on the sense resistor.

The detection arrangement can comprise a capacitor and a circuit tomeasure the current through the capacitor. In response, the circuitadjusts the maximum current level through the switching element independence on the current through the capacitor.

Preferably, the feedback control system comprises a comparator forcomparing the sense voltage with a reference voltage and controlling aset reset latch in dependence on the comparison.

In one example, the detection arrangement comprises a capacitorconnected to the sense voltage, and a current mirror circuit whichcopies the current through the capacitor to a detection resistor. Thecurrent through the capacitor is proportional to the rate of change ofvoltage, which in turn is dependent on the level of the mains inputvoltage.

The voltage across the detection resistor thus comprises a detectorvoltage which is used as a measure of the mains voltage.

The comparator reference voltage can be derived from the detectorvoltage, so that the mains voltage becomes a control parameter in thefeedback loop, for example in order to provide constant output power.

A selection unit can be provided which selects, as the comparatorreference voltage, one of (such as the minimum of) the detector voltageand a voltage corresponding to the normal regulation current level

In another example, a compensation resistor is provided between aterminal of the sense resistor and the sense voltage. This can beoutside the integrated circuit so that it can be changed to alter thecircuit performance.

It is used to create a variable voltage drop in the feedback controlloop, which alters the timing at which the switch is turned off. In thisway, a larger mains voltage will result in earlier switching off of thetransformer primary winding.

The detection arrangement then can comprise a capacitor connected to thesense voltage, a sample and hold circuit for sampling a voltage on oneof the capacitor terminals, and a voltage to current converter circuitfor driving a current through the compensation resistor.

This sampling operation is used to periodically update the circuit tofollow changes in the mains voltage level.

The feedback control system can then comprise a second comparator,wherein the comparator and the second comparator are for comparing thesense voltage with respective reference voltages, wherein a set-resetlatch is provided which receives the two comparator outputs and whichgenerates the sample signal for the sample and hold circuit. Thisprovides a mechanism for controlling the timing of the sampling process.

The invention also provides a method of controlling a switched modepower supply, comprising:

transforming a mains supply input to a dc output;

controlling the coupling of the current flow in the primary winding ofthe transformer to a sense resistor using a switching element;

controlling the switching element in dependence on the current flowingusing a feedback control system which is part of an integrated circuitand which receives a sense resistor voltage,

wherein the method further comprises converting a rate of change of thesense voltage into a voltage level, and thereby deriving a voltagesignal representing the mains voltage.

Examples of the invention will now be described in detail with referenceto the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows a known switched mode power supply;

FIGS. 2 and 3 are timing diagrams to show the operation of the circuitof FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 shows a first example of switched mode power supply of theinvention;

FIG. 5 is a timing diagram to show the operation of the circuit of FIG.4;

FIG. 6 shows a second example of switched mode power supply of theinvention;

FIG. 7 is a timing diagram to show the operation of the circuit of FIG.6;

FIG. 8 shows a third example of switched mode power supply of theinvention as a minor modification to the example of FIG. 4; and

FIG. 9 shows a fourth example of switched mode power supply of theinvention as another minor modification to the example of FIG. 4.

The invention provides a power supply in which over power protection isprovided based on the same signal as used by the feedback path forcontrolling the switching of the power supply. This means that noadditional signal needs to be supplied to the control circuit toimplement mains over protection.

For example, current solutions use an additional pin for over powerprotection (OPP). The mains input voltage is detected via thetransformer using an auxiliary winding. The voltage is then measured viaa resistive divider on the dedicated pin. The dedicated pin isinternally connected to an over power protection circuit that limits thepeak current through the sense resistor Rsense, as measured via aseparate sensing pin.

The invention enables the same signal and the same pin to be used forcurrent sensing as for mains input voltage detection. The currentsensing is carried out as in previous solutions, by measuring thevoltage across a resistor Rsense. The mains input voltage sensing ishowever carried out by measuring the rate of change of voltage (dV/dt)on the current sense resistor. No additional pin is required.

A first example of circuit of the invention is shown in FIG. 4.

The circuit elements in the area 40 implement the sensing approach ofthe invention.

When the switch S1 is turned on, the voltage across the transformerwinding varies as V=Ldi/dt. The constant rate of change of current di/dtthrough the transformer winding (as shown in FIG. 2), as the currentbuilds up, is proportional to the mains voltage level V and it istranslated into a constant voltage change dV/dt at the sense pin (sincethe voltage follows the current proportionally with Vsense=I.Rense). Themagnitude of the voltage change dV/dt across the resistor is thusproportional to the mains voltage because the rate of change of currentis proportional to the mains voltage level.

It is noted that the voltage across the inductor is almost the entirevoltage since the sense resistor has a small value and the voltagesprocessed by the feedback circuit are very small compared to the mainsvoltage level.

A capacitor 42 is used to detect the rate of change of voltage dV/dtacross the sense resistor Rsense. The current through capacitor 42 isI=C₄₂*dV/dt.

For a constant mains input voltage, this is a constant current value fora chosen application.

The current is mirrored (with a scaling which may be 1 but does not haveto be) by a current mirror circuit 44 for the correct polarity of thecompensation required.

An output resistor 46 converts the current into a voltage.Vipk_max=Vmax−I*R₄₆.

The circuit thus carries out multiple conversions:

-   -   it converts the constant slope of the transformer winding        current into a constant rate of change of voltage on the sense        resistor (this is already carried out by the sense resistor in        FIG. 1);    -   it converts the constant rate of change of voltage into a        constant current using the capacitor 42;    -   it converts the constant capacitor current into a constant        voltage, using the resistor 46.

In this way, the circuit of the invention takes a signal to a sense pin47, which comprises a voltage that has no direct relationship to themains line voltage, and converts this into a signal which is a measureof the line voltage. The integrated circuit boundary is again at theedge of the PWM circuit 10.

The reference voltage provided to the comparator 16 is the minimum ofVipk_max and Vipk, and this minimum is derived by the unit 48.

This means that while no over power situation has been detected, thefeedback system works in exactly the same way as in FIG. 1.

If an over power situation is detected, the constant capacitor currentthrough capacitor 42 will increase, and the voltage at the base ofresistor 46 will drop. When the voltage drops below the value Vipk, thefeedback system is made to switch off the switch S1 earlier than wouldbe the case for the normal feedback system. Thus, over power protectionis implemented.

The remaining components of the circuit are the same as in FIG. 1. As inthe circuit of FIG. 1, Vipk is the sense resistor voltage correspondingto the normal regulation current level, and is derived from thefeedback/control voltage, Vfb. The feedback/control voltage input has adedicated pin.

In FIG. 5 the signals “Vipk_max”, “Visense” and “blank” are drawn for ahigh mains voltage and for a low mains voltage.

At a high mains voltage the rate of change of voltage dV/dt on Visenseis larger than at low mains so that Vipk_max is a lower voltage. Thepeak voltage on Visense thus is now lower at high mains voltagescompared to low mains (Delta Vsense). As shown, this is because at highmains voltages, the signal Vipk_max drops to a lower level, and if it isthe factor which makes the feedback loop switch the switch S1 off, thiswill be at a lower voltage of Visense.

FIG. 5 shows both situations with switching when Visense reachesVipk_max. Of course, it may be that no over power protection is needed,in which case the signal Vipk (not shown in FIG. 5) will control theswitching in conventional manner.

The shape of the plot Vipk_max will cancel the effects that increase theoutput power.

As mentioned above, the blanking signal also shown in FIG. 5 istypically needed to blank the spike on Visense when switch S1 isswitched on. This spike is from the discharge of C1 through S1 andRsense when S1 is switched on.

C1 can be a real capacitor in the application or a stray capacitor.

The blanking signal is used in FIG. 4 to prevent incorrect signals atthe moment S1 is switched on.

The embodiment in FIG. 4 provides a fixed compensation if the circuit isan integrated circuit, because the values of the capacitor 42 andresistor 46 cannot be adjusted in an application.

In FIG. 6 a more advanced embodiment is shown.

The conversion process is the same, namely the constant slope of thetransformer winding current into is converted to a constant rate ofchange of voltage on the sense resistor, then into a constant currentusing the capacitor 42 and into a constant voltage. However, themechanism for altering the feedback control loop is different and uses aresistor with a controllable voltage in the loop. This resistor is alsoexternal to the integrated circuit.

In FIG. 6 the constant current resulting from the rate of change ofvoltage dV/dt of the sense voltage Visense is measured and stored as avoltage on a sample and hold capacitor 60.

The current flows to the capacitor 42 as in the example of FIG. 4 and avoltage is generated across a sample and hold resistor 61.

A voltage to current converter 62 converts the voltage on the sample andhold capacitor 60 to a dc current by driving the voltage through aseries resistor 64 (since no current flows to the input of thecomparators).

At a sampling instant, the voltage between the capacitor 42 and resistor61 is switched to the converter 62 (and held by capacitor 60).

The series resistor 64 means that the sense voltage Visense in this caseis not the voltage on the sense resistor Rsense, as there is acompensation voltage drop Vcomp across the series resistor 64.

The sense resistor is much smaller than the resistor 64. For example,the sense resistor may be of the order of 100 mΩ whereas the resistor 64can be of the order of 10 kΩ. The rate of change of voltage dV/dt at thesense resistor (Vsense) is mapped to the same rate of change of voltagedV/dt on capacitor 42, as the constant capacitor current gives aconstant voltage drop across resistor 64.

The additional current generated by the converter 62 alters the voltagedrop across the resistor 64, so that it is dependent on the mainsvoltage level. In this way, the feedback control path is altered basedon the mains voltage, again by changing the level of the input to thecomparator 68 which generates the Reset input to the set-reset latch 14.

The series resistor 64 is external to the integrated circuit, which isshown as boundary 66. By adjusting the value of resistor 64, thecompensation can be chosen in dependence on the application, since thevalue of resistor 64 will vary the step voltage change resulting fromdifferent mains voltage levels.

This approach does not change the power capability of the circuit, sincethe resistor Rsense is not changed.

The comparator 68 performs the same function as the comparator 16 inFIG. 1 and it receives the values Vipk and Visense (although with a stepapplied as a function of the mains voltage).

The sample and hold function, which controls the current generated bythe converter 62, is driven by the comparator 68, a second comparator 70and the set-reset flip-flop 72.

The two comparators 68 and 70 and flip flop 72 essentially perform apulse generation function, which could be implemented by many othercircuits.

The second comparator 70 has a slightly different reference level/timingthan comparator 68. The difference is made by an offset voltage Voffset.In another implementation, the sampling moments can be at differenttimes on the slope of the Visense signal, but only after the blankingtime because the sense signal does not have a voltage slope whichrelates to the mains input voltage when the signal needs to be blanked.

The output of the set reset flip flop 72 controls the sampling function.

In FIG. 7 the relevant signals are shown for low mains and high mains.

Between the sampling instants, the voltage to current driver delivers aconstant current, as the voltage held on the capacitor 60 remainsconstant over this time. Periodically, the voltage on the capacitor 60is updated, so that it follows changes in the mains voltage.

As explained above, the sense voltage Visense has an offset, Vcomp, withrespect to the voltage on the sense resistor, Vsense. At high mains thecompensation voltage is larger. This will lower the peak current throughthe sense resistor because the comparator 68 will toggle earlier(Visense reaches Vipk earlier) which then compensates for the effectsthat increase the output power.

In the examples of FIG. 4 and FIG. 6, the switch S1 and resistor Rsenseare outside the integrated circuit. However, the sense resistor and/orthe switch can be inside the integrated circuit, and the inventionmaintains the advantage of enabling a single signal to be used formultiple control purposes.

FIG. 8 shows a modification to FIG. 4 in which the sense resistor Rsenseand the switch S1 are part of the PWM integrated circuit 10. FIG. 9shows a modification to FIG. 4 in which the switch S1 is part of the PWMintegrated circuit 10 and the sense resistor Rsense is outside theintegrated circuit.

Various examples of circuit have been given but others are possible. Theinvention takes the existing Vsense signal and processes this to derivea signal which represents the mains voltage level. This can then be usedin various ways to alter the feedback control to provide over powerprotection.

Other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood andeffected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimedinvention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and theappended claims. In the claims, the word “comprising” does not excludeother elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does notexclude a plurality. The mere fact that certain measures are recited inmutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combinationof these measured cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs inthe claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.

1. A switched mode power supply comprising: an input for connection to arectified mains supply, a transformer having a primary winding on amains side and a secondary winding on a dc output side; a switchingelement for controlling current flow in the primary winding of thetransformer; a sense resistor (Rsense) in series with the switchingelement; a feedback control system for controlling the switching elementin dependence on a sense voltage which is dependent on the senseresistor, wherein the feedback control system is part of an integratedcircuit, and the transformer is outside the integrated circuit, andwherein the integrated circuit further comprises a detection arrangementfor converting a rate of change of the sense voltage into a voltagelevel, and thereby derive a voltage signal representing the mainsvoltage.
 2. A power supply as claimed in claim 1, wherein the switchingelement and the sense resistor are outside the integrated circuit andthe sense voltage is provided to a sense pin of the integrated circuit.3. A power supply as claimed in claim 1, wherein the feedback controlsystem comprises a comparator for comparing the sense voltage with areference voltage and controlling a set reset latch in dependence on thecomparison.
 4. A power supply as claimed in claim 1, wherein thedetection arrangement comprises a capacitor connected to the sensevoltage, and a current mirror circuit which copies the current throughthe capacitor to a detection resistor, wherein the voltage across thedetection resistor comprises a detector voltage which is used as ameasure of the mains voltage.
 5. A power supply as claimed in claim 4,wherein the comparator reference voltage is derived from the detectorvoltage.
 6. A power supply as claimed in claim 5, further comprising aselection unit which selects, as the comparator reference voltage, oneof the detector voltage and a voltage corresponding to the normalregulation current level.
 7. A power supply as claimed in claim 1,further comprising a compensation resistor between a terminal of thesense resistor and the sense voltage.
 8. A power supply as claimed inclaim 7, wherein the detection arrangement comprises a capacitorconnected to the sense voltage, a sample and hold circuit for sampling avoltage dependent on a current through the capacitor, and a voltage tocurrent converter circuit for driving a current through the compensationresistor.
 9. A power supply as claimed in claim 8, wherein the feedbackcontrol system comprises a second comparator, wherein the comparator andthe second comparator are for comparing the sense voltage withrespective reference voltages, wherein a set-reset latch is providedwhich receives the two comparator outputs and which generates the samplesignal for the sample and hold circuit.
 10. A method of controlling aswitched mode power supply, comprising: transforming a mains supplyinput to a dc output; controlling coupling of a current flow in aprimary winding of the transformer to a sense resistor using a switchingelement; controlling the switching element in dependence on the currentflowing using a feedback control system which is part of an integratedcircuit and which receives a sense resistor voltage, and converting arate of change of the sense voltage into a voltage level, and therebyderiving a voltage signal representing the mains voltage.
 11. A methodas claimed in claim 10, further comprising comparing the sense voltagewith a reference voltage and controlling a set reset latch in dependenceon the comparison, the set reset latch driving the switching element.12. A method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the step of converting therate of change of the sense voltage comprises providing the sensevoltage to a capacitor and copying the current through the capacitor toa detection resistor to derive a detector voltage which is used as ameasure of the mains voltage.
 13. A method as claimed in claim 12,further comprising selecting, as the comparator reference voltage, oneof the detector voltage and a voltage corresponding to the normalregulation current level.
 14. A method as claimed in claim 13, whereinthe step of converting the rate of change of the sense voltage comprisesproviding the sense voltage to a capacitor and sampling a voltagedependent on a current through the capacitor, and driving a currentthrough a compensation resistor based on the sampled voltage, therebycontrolling a voltage drop between a terminal of the sense resistor andthe sense pin.
 15. A method as claimed in claim 10, further comprisingusing the voltage signal representing the mains voltage to provide overpower protection.